1. Dictionary attack
This uses a simple file containing words that can, surprise surprise, be found in a dictionary. In other words, if you will excuse the pun, this attack uses exactly the kind of words that many people use as their password.
2. Brute force attack
This method is similar to the dictionary attack but with the added bonus, for the hacker, of being able to detect non-dictionary words by working through all possible alpha-numeric combinations from aaa1 to zzz10.
3. Rainbow table attack
A rainbow table is a list of pre-computed hashes - the numerical value of an encrypted password, used by most systems today - and that’s the hashes of all possible password combinations for any given hashing algorithm mind. The time it takes to crack a password using a rainbow table is reduced to the time it takes to look it up in the list.
4. Phishing
There's an easy way to hack: ask the user for his or her password. A phishing email leads the unsuspecting reader to a faked online banking, payment or other site in order to login and put right some terrible problem with their security.
5. Social engineering
Social engineering takes the whole ‘ask the user’ concept outside of the inbox that phishing tends to stick with and into the real world. A favourite of the social engineer is to telephone an office posing as an IT security tech guy and simply ask for the network access password.
6. Malware
A key logger or screen scraper can be installed by malware which records everything you type or takes screen shots during a login process, and then forwards a copy of this file to hacker central. Some malware will look for the existence of a web browser client password file and copy this which, unless properly encrypted, will contain easily accessible saved passwords from the user's browsing history.
7. Offline cracking
It’s easy to imagine that passwords are safe when the systems they protect lock out users after three or four wrong guesses, blocking automated guessing applications. Well, that would be true if it were not for the fact that most password hacking takes place offline, using a set of hashes in a password file that has been ‘obtained’ from a compromised system.
8. Social engineering
The most confident of hackers will take the guise of a parcel courier, aircon service technician or anything else that gets them access to an office building. It also provides an excellent opportunity to eyeball all those post-it notes stuck to the front of LCD screens with logins scribbled upon them.
9. Spidering
Savvy hackers have realised that many corporate passwords are made up of words that are connected to the business itself. Studying corporate literature, website sales material and even the websites of competitors and listed customers can provide the ammunition to build a custom word list to use in a brute force attack.
10. Guess
The password crackers best friend, of course, is the predictability of the user. Unless a truly random password has been created using software dedicated to the task, a user generated ‘random’ password is unlikely to be anything of the sort.
